Islamic Law Essay

Quran and Sunnah are the fundamental sources of Islamic Shariah. When the solution to the arising problems is not available in these sources, Ijtihad is used to reach an appropriate solution in Islamic jurisprudence. Secondary sources of Islamic Shariah like Ijma, Qiyas, Istihsan and Maslahah are also forms of Ijtihad. These secondary sources provide a sequence and a data base to the Mujtahid to reach to a solution of a problem in the most appropriate way and at the same time assist in formulation of Islamic law and development of system of Shariah as a whole. Introduction Quran and Sunnah (in the form of Hadith) are the two fundamental sources of Shariah. Generally the definition and acceptability of all other sources of Shariah varies in various sects of Islam. According to Sunni school of thought, the fundamental sources of Islam include Quran, Sunnah and Ijtihad, whereas according to Shiite school of thought, Quran and Sunnah are the only authentic sources of Shariah and Ijtihad can only be a contributing factor and that too only in some circumstances. Ijtihad can be defined as use of one’s own utmost abilities in deriving secondary opinions from the four fundamental sources of Islamic law, namely Quran, Sunnah, Ijma and Qiyas†. Can the Secondary Sources be Characterized as Forms of Ijtihad In the eyes of majority of Muslim scholars, especially Sunni Muslims, all the secondary sources including Ijma, Qiyas, Istihsan and Maslahah are forms   of Ijtihad. Rather all these secondary sources in one form or the other contribute towards Ijtihad. For example, in case of an event for which no authentic proof is available in Quran and Sunnah, the only option available is Ijtaihad. This Ijtaihad will either be supported by consensus of different learned scholars of Islam, or it will be done by comparing and drawing similarities or differences in the different events of past which occurred during the times of Prophet or His companions. In case no previous event is available, and consensus does not occur among the scholars on the issue, then the only way out is to either look for the ‘good by one’s own deliberations’ (Istihsan) or to determine what is in the interests of human welfare (Istislah or Maslahah). Therefore, it will not be wrong to say that all the four secondary sources can be characterized as forms of Ijtihad and all contribute towards it. Importance of Having so Many Different Sources to Represent Ijtihad Ijtihad is a very complex phenomenon and that is why, very strict criteria have been set in Islam for a person to be a Mujtahid. Therefore, while making a judgment a Mujtahid needs to evaluate the available data before he proceeds to make a judgment. Now the most authentic and fundamental sources i. e. Quran and Sunnah have already been ruled out for the reason that if a solution was present is those sources, there was no need for Ijtihad. In the absence of those two sources, a Mujtahid needs some additional sources in order to formulate the judgment, though Quran and Sunnah must be kept at the back of the mind. These additional sources like Ijma, Qiyas, Istihsan and Maslahah provide the Mujtahid with a data base and a sequence to analyze the event and lead him logically to an acceptable solution which is not conflicting with the teachings of Quran and Sunnah. Therefore, it is extremely important to have multiple sources to represent Ijtihad. Importance of Secondary Sources in Creating Law and Development of System of Shariah While studying the Islamic law, one must keep in mind that the times have changed a lot since the era of Prophet Muhammad and with the passage of time many situations came up which were not there in the times of Prophet. For example in the times of Prophet, there was not concept of photography and only thing that was available was â€Å"Tasweer† that is the hand painted pictures and the person who made those pictures was known as â€Å"Mussawir†. The Prophet prohibited the â€Å"Tasweer† in that time and He was quoted as saying that a person who will make a â€Å"Tasweer† will be asked on the Day of Judgment to bring life into that â€Å"Tasweer†. Today, we know that in the present era photography is a compulsion in passport and identity cards etc. Therefore, Islamic scholars reached a conclusion through Ijtihad that what was prohibited was â€Å"Tasweer| and not the photography. Photography, as per modern science, is actually the image preserved on a paper and even the companions of the Prophet used to see the image in mirror or in the water, so according to scholars, it is not prohibited in Islam. Similarly there are many other problems which needed solution in the present time due to modernization and advent of technology. If these secondary sources were not used in creation of Islamic law, the Islamic law will become stagnant and will not be able to meet the requirements of changing scenario and modern developments of science and technology. Hence, the basis characteristics of these secondary sources i. e. consensus, measurement and comparison, equity and public policy are all extremely important in formulation of Islamic law. Side by side, it will also help in development of system of Shariah as a whole so as to meet the requirement of pragmatism, practicality and need of the changing times. Conclusion According to Holy Quran, Prophet Muhammad has been sent as a Prophet for whole universe and this is not possible till the time his teachings are applicable to all the times. This applicability for all the times is only possible if the teachings can be interpreted according to changing times. All this is only possible through these secondary sources, if used correctly in accordance with the basic teachings of Quran and Sunnah. Hence, these secondary sources are part and parcel of Islamic law and must be taken as such. References References have not been cited as per the requirement of the client. Original language has been used without quotations.

Proud to Be a Filipino Essay

Filipinos are abundant in terms of culture, tradition, cuisine, and transportation. All of us Filipinos should be proud of them. There are a lot of tourist spots in the Philippines that we can be proud of. And to introduce my culture would be fun and great. I would make them ride a jeepney, eat some street food like kwek-kwek and drink some alcohol like tagaka. First, I would make foreigners ride a jeepney. It is one of the transportations in the Philippines. It has four wheels and a lot of colors and designs. It has a small aluminium horse in the front as a sign of a traditional jeepney. It is the most used transportation in the Philippines because it has the cheapest fare among the other transportation here in the Philippines. Second, I would make them eat some street foods like kwek-kwek. It is a Filipino street food that is made up of hard-boiled egg or quail egg coated with orange batter and flour. It is deep fried and served with cucumber, salt, and vinegar. Lastly, I would let them drink the â€Å"tagaka† an alcoholic drink made in the Philippines. It is a drink made of tanduay, gatas, and kape. It is mixed and it taste like chuckie. It is popular among the Filipino drinkers. It is cheaper than a bailey drink. It is taste like a cocktail and you can taste the bitterness of the coffee, the sweetness of the milk and the taste of the alcohol. Our colourful and lively Philippine culture that makes us distinctly Filipino is the one thing that makes us different from the rest of the world. We do have different traditions and beliefs but all of them are purely Filipino. There are many other kinds of foods and transportations that are purely Filipino. Let us be proud of our nationality.

Cooking: Water and Chicken Essay

Cooking has been my specialty since I was a child. This is one of my strongest talents. I can cook a variety of recipes from my local Ethiopian cuisines to the modern American recipes. Some of the foods I can boast off are â€Å"injera†, a local food of Ethiopians and spicy chicken sandwich but today I want to prepare chicken breast ready to be fried or baked. This is called simmering. Simmering is cooking the chicken with chicken broth or water. This makes the chicken tender and soft, ready to be fried. Firstly, rinse each chicken breast. If the breasts are frozen, allow them to fully defrost before boiling. The chicken breast can also be defrosted in the microwave, in the refrigerator, or by soaking it in a bowl of cold water. After defrosting the chicken is soaked in salt water it take the slimly taste out of it. Most Africans do this before cooking any poultry and dairy products After defrosting; fill a pot with water or chicken broth. The broth will be a better choice since it has a lot of flavoring. Place the chicken breasts in the pot, making sure that each piece is fully submerged under water or broth. Add more water or broth if necessary. Do not add more water or broth if not needed or this tends to make the chicken softer and even watery in extreme cases. If you want this to cook faster, cut the breasts into halves or in quarters. This is also a good way to ensure that the inside of the breast thoroughly cooks. Thirdly, place the pot on the stove. Bring water or broth with chicken to a boil, and then reduce to a simmer. The temperature must be right; this it must be too hot or lower. Cover the pot and allow the chicken to cook until the insides are no longer pink. Cook time will vary depending on the size and type of breast. Chicken breast can be skinless or boneless, either way; they should be cook for about thirty minutes. After thirty minutes, remove pot from the source of heat carefully to avoid getting burn. Drain liquid from the pot, and transfer breasts to a plate. Chicken should be white in color and be easily pulled apart with hands or a fork. At this point they are ready to be fried; baked or even eaten. Chicken that is boiled in only water can be very bland tasting. Adding vegetables and/or broth to the pot, and season your chicken with various cooking sauces and spices will give it some nice, warm taste. This is the most perfect time for to fry the chicken. Deep frying is my preferred choice but other methods include pan-frying or even baking. Either ways the chicken is well-prepared and ready to be eaten. The fryer should be a deep fryer so the chicken can be completely submerged in the fryer. Flour is used to coat the skin of the chicken; this gives the chicken its crispy coating and a fine layer of skin. Vegetable oil or olive oil is the best choice for frying. After the fryer is heated to the right temperature, the chicken is gently lowered into the pot to prevent the oil splashing around and causing burns. It takes of 30 minutes and above to get the chicken fully and wholly fried; during this time a watchful eye must be kept on it so it doesn’t burn. After this, they are ready to be served. They can be eaten with almost anything from stir-fries, fajitas to salads.

Willy Russell's Educating Rita Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Willy Russell's Educating Rita - Essay Example It traces the development of a young working class hairdresser who attends English literature tutorials with an older academic called Frank. While the story of Rita is both amusing and poignant, it is in fact the transformation of Frank that provides the richest message of the play. At the beginning of the play there is a deliberate contrast between Rita’s fresh approach to literature, and Frank’s obvious boredom with his job. This can be seen in the way that Rita surprises Frank in her answers to his assignment questions, for example when he asks her a question about how to stage the play Peer Gynt, Rita answers â€Å"Do it on the radio† (Act I, Scene 4). The audience knows that part of the reason for this short answer is that she had to struggle against the combined opposition of her partner and her father to complete this assingmnent. Frank, however, interprets this the answer of a genius, showing Rita is an original spirit, able to think around the question a nd reframe it in an intelligent and quite radical way. It is not the kind of answer that Frank would expect from his usual students.

Megans law Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Megans law - Research Paper Example here are also cases in which it is applied permanently, so that whenever the individual moves, they have to notify local police and law enforcement that they have done so. Failing to register or update in this manner is considered to be a felony under Megan’s Act. This law was put into action after the murder of Megan Kanka, a young child. After this child was murdered by a sexual predator who was living nearby (the parents professed to have no idea), her parents circulated a petition that gained almost 500,000 signatures (Megan’s, 2010). The law was passed, and New Jersey, Kanka’s home state, was the first state to enact Megan’s Law. Overall, Megans Law provides two information services that are made available to the public: notification of sex offender registration, and notification of the community. As noted above, â€Å"The details of what is provided as part of sex offender registration and how community notification is handled vary from state to state, and in some states the required registration information and community notification protocols have changed many times since Megans Law was passed† (Megan’s, 2010). Many people support Megan’s Law because it appears to be a no-nonsense, zero-tolerance, tough-on-crime policy. They also feel more at ease when they know that sexual offenders have to register with local authorities, so that the community can have more information. From the total harm perspective, Megan’s Law can be supported from the position that it decreases the total harm to society by making vital information about child sexual predators available to parents and families. Community notification and involvement is seen as positive in most media and scholarly presentations of the law, and generally, the law-abiding public can be seen to increase in their information access and comfort level, due to the law. However, there are also possible dark sides to Megan’s Law. That some states use the law to notify about not just

Healthcare research report---Analysis Plan Paper

Healthcare report---Analysis Plan - Research Paper Example Graphical techniques to be used under this analysis are boxplots and histograms which will assist in identification of outliers that maybe included or omitted in the data. Numerical techniques to be used include frequencies and percentages shall be used to plot the data distribution. 2. Descriptive Analysis. This type of analysis will show how the data looks like and the relationship between different variables in the data set. It will be used to present the quantitative aspect of the data in a simpler and a manageable form. Majorly, this technique will provide a summary of the entire data and it shall be approached from a univariate perspective. Univariate Analysis will involve a deeper examination across the variables in the data; one at a time. Under this analysis, the distribution, central tendency and dispersion of variables will be considered. a. Distribution. This is a summary of frequency of all the observations in a variable. Thus, each observation will be listed alongside the number people in every category so as to present a chart of the frequency distribution. Additionally, a histogram will be plotted to show a visual distribution. b. Central tendency. This section of analysis will consider the mean, mode and median for every variable. The mean will be used to describe the average value of observations in each variable. The median shall be used to estimate the middle value in every variable whereas the mode will show the most occurring value or observation in each variable. c. Dispersion. This is the spread of values around the mean, mode and median. Range and standard deviation shall be used under this category. The range will show the gap that exists between the maximum and the minimum values in every variable. Additionally, the standard deviation will show the average distance of all the data points

Listening Without Resistance and Systems Thinking Research Paper

Listening Without Resistance and Systems Thinking - Research Paper Example In addition, I have been judging the accent of the other party in the conversation. I have been thinking that people who have great accent are less literate. This has been making me get less keen when listening to them. Conversations I have had in the past weeks were just discussions. Discussion is listening without a desire to be changed by the conversation (Mozdzierz, 2009). A dialogue, on the other hand, is a special way of conversation in which one is willing to be influenced by the conversation (Robinson & Rose, 2007). The conversations I have had in the past weeks could not fit to be called dialogue. This is because of my behavior of choosing not to be keen when the other party in a conversation had an accent, pronunciation problem or spoke less audibly. In most cases, my actions were either partially or completely withdrawing myself from the conversation. Therefore, I have done more of discussion than dialogue. Conversations could be easily converted to dialogue using several advantage points. One of the points is completing the features of a conversation. According to Nikulin (2010), this could be done by personal voice, unfinalizability, and allosensus. Another point is asking for clarifications during the conversation. This could increase someone’s attentiveness on the conversation. As a result, the conversation would have a great influence on the person and thus converted into a dialogue. The other point is reframing the message communicated during a conversation. This could avoid negative reactions and judgments made during conversations. As a result, the conversation would have a great influence on the parties involved and thus it would have been converted to a dialogue. System thinking is one of the five disciplines defined by Senge to guide activities of a learning organization. According to Wyk (2003), system thinking could be conceptualized as a tool for making complex patterns in a learning organization much

See word Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

See word - Assignment Example e parasite cannot come out from the oyster body, the oyster will continuously produce crystalline substance called the nacre around it until it completely covers the parasite or the irritant, and the result is glossy pearl. Akoya is one of the cultured pearls carefully farmed in an enthralling combination of art and science. They are grown in cooler ocean temperature of Japan during winter periods where farmers wait for the Akoya’s premium prize creation. The healthy and vibrant Akoya that has successfully formed the pearl is processed using a technology and the oyster is set aside for a meal. Fossilized plants and animals in rocks formed through high pressure and temperature produced by sediments and results to the creation of amber. Amber is classified into five different classes depending on the chemical constituents. The video explains that Amber preserve creatures like insects in a unique and a fashionable way. It seems that the organisms’ resins are resistant to decay and this makes it possible for the formation of amber. Amber came from the rocks on the seabed and discovered after it washes up on the shore. The process of extracting gold or gold ores from the ground may define what exactly gold mining is. It is a process that involves a lot of techniques to carry out. There several methods that are used in mining such as pan, large drilling, and explosives with the application of different techniques depending on the method. In the video, Anthony used digging and later found out some of the methods that people rarely apply. Through the video, I have learned that it is always better to stick to designated gold bearing rock areas and dug through. As for the other methods, the video was brief and accurate to shallow mining of gold. The mining process starts from where samples are taken for testing to the point of tailing disposals. The process depends on the method used in the mining; however, the processes are divided into four main groups that include

Closing the Youth justice Gap Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words - 1

Closing the Youth justice Gap - Essay Example It is for the above reasons and more that we must work together to ensure that the BMER young peoples voices are listened to and heard. There should be an initiative to start a process involving the young people as change agents and their views on crime and community safety to be heard and include them in policy and practice if plausible. The strategies to be followed must make cities safe for one and all. Reasons for a young offender who was repeating his offences and being taken into custody number of times should be explored. It might happen due to the Youth Justice Board agents’ discrimination towards them. The depression and frustration when there is no outlet may turn out in the form of a crime. When these are introduced to Entry to Employment Young people who are on mainstream E2E programmes. Children and young people who offend face particular problems accessing or sustaining engagement with education, training and employment. The pilot, which ran from August 2003 to July 2005 with Hindley Young Offender Institution and local youth offending teams was able to identify these barriers to engagement and highlighted along with poor educational attainment, including basic literacy and numeracy problems. ï€  Some providers being disinclined to provide training to young offenders who may have challenging behavior, poor life skills, such as time and budget management, behavioral issues, a lack of awareness, locally, among providers of how to improve the situation. The pilot was extended for one year to build on initial success. Using three voluntary sector agencies: – Nacro, Rathbone and YMCA Training, working together as the Learning Alliance – the programme provided support for a mentoring component as part of education and training provision. The programme had the support of the Learning and Skills Council. A key proposal to be was the need to listen more to young people. A

BUSINESS FINANCE Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

BUSINESS FINANCE - Research Paper Example Rajaratnam was entitled by the Forbes magazine as the self-made billionaire hedge fund manager and was also the 235th America’s richest men in the year 2009. As on 2009, the total net worth of Rajaratnam was over $1.88 billion. Thus, he was the richest Sri Lankan born entity in the world. He started his career business loan specialist to technology firms was working as the lending officer of Manhattan Bank. Then in the year 1985, Rajaratnam joined Needham & Co. as investment banker a focused on consumer electronics industry. It is extremely astonishing as well as praise worthy fact that from here Rajaratnam was promoted as the head of research at Needham & Co. in the year 1987 (just in a span of two years). He was then promoted to President of Needham & Co. in the year 1991, at the age of only 34 years. When he was at the pinnacle of the company, Rajaratnam seeded his own hedge fund company that he initially named as the Needham Emerging Growth Company and then later renamed i t to Galleon. The hedge fund company Galleon was valued close to $4 billion in the year 2009, down from the peak value of $7 billion in the year 2008. According to the annual report of Galleon for the year 2009, the diversified hedge fund company had over 22% compounded annual returns since its inception. One of the reason for the company’s tremendous success and peak valuation for the year ending 2008 was the sudden collapse of Lehman Brothers. and global financial crisis that encouraged firms to adapt aggressive hedging strategy. From the financial statements of the company from the year 2000 to 2008, it can be said that Rajaratnam invested primarily in pharmaceutical and technology sectors. The basic reasons behind such investment strategy could be: one, seeking growth of income as objective and two, both the sectors are defensive and export oriented. Rajaratnam was very knowledgeable to realize the importance of technology sector in future and so he knew that by investing in technology stocks at present would maximize shareholders’ wealth in future due to capital appreciation of the stocks. The demand for drugs and medicines on the other hand will always persist and probably increase in future with the rise in population. According to one of the face to face interviews by Rajaratnam, he said that the best ideas are outcomes of frequent visits to companies in which his company invested and also from regular conversations with the hedge fund managers. In the year 2009, Rajaratnam along with five others were charged and arrested for insider trading and multiple frauds conviction. The founder of Galleon fund, Rajaratnam pleaded that he was not guilty and paid $100 million bail to remain free (which was the largest bail amount in the history of United States). But in May 2011, a US district court found Rajaratnam guilty and then on October 2011 he was sentenced to 11 year imprisonment by the US district judge Richard Holwell. Other current and former traders of Galleon were charged and arrested with allegation of involvement in insider trading activity and alleged conspiracy. It is important to mention that several former employees of the organization cooperated in the investigation process. It was also reported in media that as of January 2012, over 50 people were either convicted or pleaded guilty from the Galleon hedge fund scandal (Hristova, 2012, pp.1-3). Overview of Insider Trading The Galleon insider trading case was one of

Article Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 6

Article Critique - Essay Example To comply with the requirements of writing a critique, one selected the topic which covers the rationale for federalism (why federalism?) and provide insights regarding personal reaction and opinion on the points that were discussed to determine if these points were appropriately supported. Why Federalism? The authors effectively presented a discussion on the topic (why federalism?) by first establishing the rationale for unification. Other terms that were successfully defined included: nation, confederal system, unitary system, self-government, and federalism (Greer, Schiller and Segal 75-77). The expertise and authoritativeness of the authors on the subject have been established in their capacities as professors of political science. As such, provisions of meanings of terms were validly presented through the knowledge they have gained from previous academic pursuits and in their respective professions as educators. In another perspective, the authors used a fairly comprehensible an d straightforward language that aids the students, who are the primary audience, in gaining awareness and knowledge on the subject of discussion. Through the provision of clear examples where students could effectively identify and relate to, the authors thereby are effective in language use and structural presentation. Difficult terms or vocabularies that need to be expounded were effectively provided meanings in straightforward and easily understood manners. Also, by citing other authoritative discourses authored by experts on the subject, Greer, Schiller and Segal (2012) established support and increased credibility on the topics being discussed. For instance, in defining the term ‘federalism’ which is crucial in this section, Greer, Schiller and Segal (2012) made reference to a policital scientist, William Riker, whose definition was explicitly disclosed therein. Likewise, through presenting a visual comparative illustration of conferedal, unitary and federal system s, as Figure 3.1 (Greer, Schiller and Segal 76), students were illumined on the similarities or disparities of one system of government from the other. Visual representations and illustrations are effective means to enhance understanding on topics that could be challenging to comprehend through purely written literary discourse. In subjects such as political science and history where students expect a lot of reading and discussion, as well as references to historical backdrop, using visual aids and illustrations become a welcome and helpul respite. The sources of other secondary references that provided support to the authors’ contentions were cited in two ways: through immediate citation with references under figures or visual illustrations; and through an author index where supercripts where initially added in citations through the text. In expounding on the subject of why federalism, for instance, the authors made reference to only one citation, from the work of William Ri ker in his definition of the term ‘federalism’ (Greer, Schiller and Segal 76). Despite the lack of other citations, the authors used other means of support through the provision of historical narration, examples, and statistics, as deemed applicable: for instance, citing the experiences of participants in the 1787 Constitutional Convention, specifically located in

Public and Private Sectors Essay Example for Free

Public and Private Sectors Essay * Public sector has an influence in tourism business. It is essential to outline the main policy instruments used by governments in order to manage tourism. * Public bodies influence tourism sector either directly, through organization with responsibility for tourism, which include: establishment of infrastructure, information services and creation of tourist attractions and facilities. Or, indirectly, through foreign policies and legal controls, the commercial sector of tourism industry can operate successfully, co-ordinating, promotional and regulatory role in tourism provision, and conservation of the physical and socio-cultural resources that attract tourists to destination. * Governments use demand and revenue management in order to influence demand in the industry by: marketing and promotion, information provision and network development, pricing, controlling access to the destination, safety and security. Supply and cost management are operated by environmental control, building regulations, market regulations, market research and planning, taxation, ownership, education and training and investment incentives. * Private Sector Improve the overall quality of products and services within the tourism industry (all tourism-related accommodation, restaurants, tour guides, tour operators, and other tourism-related service providers); raise the levels of demand nationally, regionally and internationally; promote competiveness within the industry; and, provide valuable and reliable information on quality standards for the tourist and the travel industry. * Provide intensive training to local communities/ private sector in various aspects of development and management of tourism businesses, and hospitality skills to provide them with better opportunities to seek employment in the tourism sector. * Comprehensive general and area-specific development guidelines for tourism zones with specific urban designing, land use planning and infrastructure planning.

Environment Essay: UK energy policy

Environment Essay: UK energy policy The main problem for the UK and other countries has been the unmanaged release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere resulting from the use of fossil fuels in energy generation. There is convincing evidence that this is causing major changes in the Earths climate, the consequences of which could threaten the health and livelihoods of so many people on this planet. The major issue that Governments worldwide are now facing is how to meet increasing energy demands from an ever increasing world population. The issue is politically charged, with differing opinions on how nuclear, renewable and energy efficient measures should contribute to future energy policy. From the governments point of view, energy policies must be driven by the aim of ensuring an adequate and secure supply of affordable energy whilst also properly dealing with the production of wastes, including both carbon dioxide and radioactive materials. The Government’s figures show that UK carbon dioxide emissions have increased over the last two years, and although Kyoto targets are likely to be reached, the UKs energy policies must aim for cuts in emissions of 60 per cent in the longer term (defra, 2005). One of the major challenges facing the UK is how to generate electricity whilst minimising the damage that can be caused by waste products. In the short to medium term, some scientists comment that it will be difficult to reduce dependence on fossil fuels without the help of nuclear power (Royal Society, 2005). At present, the UK relies on nuclear power to generate about a quarter of the UKs electricity demands. All nuclear power stations are scheduled to reach the ends of their lives within the next 30 years. Unless the rate of development of both renewables and energy efficiency measures makes up for the loss of capacity resulting from the phasing out of nuclear power, the UK will become more reliant on fossil fuels, which is obviously not consistent with an overall aim of drastically reducing carbon dioxide emissions. According to the Governments own estimates, we will be more dependent on fossil fuels to generate electricity in 2010 than we were in 1995 (defra, 2005). Whilst the UK has made relatively well funded policy commitments to increasing its renewable energy capacity throughout the 1990s, it would still be hard to argue with the European Renewable Energy Study description of renewable resources à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¹Ã…“playing an almost negligible role in the United Kingdoms energy balance (TERES, 1994). Since that 1994 report the UKs efforts have seen it rise only from 15th to 14th by 2002, on a list ranking the 15 EU countries on the fraction of energy they obtain from renewable sources. Production amounts to only 3% of total primary energy use in the UK, with 46% of this figure coming from hydropower (Smith, 2002). The reasons for this low figure can be broken down into a number of categories, including problems with planning regulations, poorly thought out support mechanisms and a general lack of political will. Whilst having provided prior support for the support of RD efforts in renewable energy, significant efforts in providing UK policy on developing their potential can be traced to the oil crises of the 1970s, as with the efforts of so many of its competitors. Elliott provides an extensive overview of renewable energy RD funding in the UK up the late 1980s, and the underlying policy basis for it (Elliott, 1989). Elliott records that wave energy came to be the most favoured of the new renewable energy technologies in the late 1970s and received considerable government support on this basis. This was to change following a 1982 review by the Advisory Council on Research and Development for fuel and power (ACORD), along with a report from the Energy Technology Support Unit (ETSU) (HMSO, 1982). This led to the reassessment of wave as unlikely ever to achieve a sufficiently low price to make it economically viable. Wind had initially been classified as one of the technologies least likely to develop to an economically viable stage and was thus provided with only a low level of funding. ACORD support of wind led to favourable government policy and funding for R,DD, though the government stood firmly against providing direct financial grant aid to try to move the technology from the demonstration phase towards being fully commercial. This policy of eschewing grants was to remain intact up to the 2001 announcement of  £40 million to support a limited number of offshore wind developments and the expansion of biofuel use. One of the problems often cited in connection with the development of renewable and nuclear sources of energy is that they appear to be uneconomic compared to fossil fuels. This is based on what the Royal Society considers a flawed assumption, that there is no cost associated with pumping carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. The Government needs to introduce a charge for the right to produce carbon dioxide, through for example a carbon tax or a system of tradable emissions permits. Such measures are required to balance the economic arguments surrounding energy generation. The end of 2001 saw the announcement of a wide range of new instruments aimed at revitalising the UKs efforts regarding renewable energy. Current plans for future policy in the UK centre on achieving a target of 10% of all electrical generation from renewable energy sources by 2010. The central mechanism aimed at achieving this end is the newly introduced Renewables Obligation (RO). However, to date, not all of these have reached the statute books and begun to have an impact in real terms. The governments future energy policy must focus on how to ensure a secure supply of affordable energy, how to manage the waste products of energy generation regardless of whether it is in the form of radioactive materials or carbon dioxide, and how to increase energy efficiency. The fact that DEFRA is responsible for dealing with waste, while Department for Trade and Industry deals with the commissioning and operation of power stations, must not prevent a coherent approach to policy that meets our future energy requirements whilst properly managing any waste that is produced. Bibliographywww.defra.gov.uk (accessed 2005)Elliott D. Renewable energy RD in the UK: a strategic overview. Technology Analysis Strategic Management 1989;1(2):22337.ETSU. Strategic review of renewable energy technologies. London: HMSO, 1982.Smith A Watson J The renewables obligation: can it deliver? Brighton, SPRU, University of Sussex, 2002, 6.TERES. The European Renewable Energy Study. Luxembourg, Advisory Council on Research and Development, European Commission, 1994. Passion Fruit: Medicinal Uses and Taxonomy Passion Fruit: Medicinal Uses and Taxonomy Introduction Passion fruit is one of the most exotic tropical fruit because of the magic of its aroma and the taste of its fruit. It belongs to the family Passifloraceae and is estimated to have approximately 500 species of Passiflora. Within this species, there are two distinct forms, the P. edulis f. flavicarpa i.e the yellow passion fruit which is in Peru, Brazil and Ecuador, it is also widely distributed in Guyana as well and the Passiflora edulis L which is widely known as the purple passion fruit. The purple passion fruit is cultivated in Africa and India. They both differ not only in color but in other feathers. The purple passion fruit has is less acidic, has a better aroma and flavor, and has slightly higher juice content. The yellow passion fruit on the other hand has a, ore vigorous vine; the fruit is larger and has a thicker wall than the purple type. Thus they both make an excellent juice blend. Passion fruit vine is a shallow-rooted woody, perennial, climbing by attaching its tendri ls to objects. The leaves are evergreen, hairless and are alternately arranged, posses 3-lobed when mature, they are finely tooted, grow from 7.5-20 cm long, deep green and gloss above, paler and dull beneath, the stems and tendrils are tinged with red or purple ( mostly the stems and tendrils of yellow passion fruit). Fragrant flower grow from 5-7.5 cm wide and is borne at each node. The bloom is clasped by 3 large green leaf-like bracts, consisting of 5 greenish-white sepals, 5-white petals, a fingerlike corona of straight, white-tipped rays, rich purple at the base, 5 stamens with large anthers, the ovary and triple-branched style forms a prominent central structure. The yellow passion fruit flower grows slower with more intense color than the purple passion fruit. Taxonomic Classification of Passion Fruit Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Malpighiales Family: Passifloraceae Genus: Passiflora Species: Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa (yellow passion fruit) and Passiflora edulis L. (purple passion fruit). Brief Origin of Passion Fruit Passilflora spp, in particular the purple passion fruit is native to South America, from Paraguay, Brazil and Argentina; better adapted to tropical highland areas and it is the most popular type to be exported. On the other hand the yellow type is better adapted to tropical low land areas and is the principle type produced in Guyana. The fruit is widely distributed in the market and a small amount is exported to Barbados and Canada. It is one of the best tropical fruit to grow because it comes into production within a year and is referred to as fruit cash crop. Its juice is rich in vitamin A, B5 and C. Passionfruit acquired its name from Spanish missionaries who thought parts of the plants flower resembled different religious symbols. The Jesuit missionaries who accompanied the Conquistadors to South America saw in its striking flower a means of illustrating the Crucifixion; the 10 petals and sepals represented the apostles, the crown of thorns was seen in the filaments, the five anthers represent the five wounds, the three stigmas were allied with the nails used to pierce the hands and feet of Jesus and the vines tendrils were equated with the whips. (http://www.passionfruit.org.nz/History.htm). Medicinal uses and properties of Passion Fruit The passion fruit leaves together with a small portion of the juice contain the alkaloids, including Harman which is used to lower blood pressure, sedative and antispasmodic action. The leaves are also use in many countries as medicine. The flower of passion fruit has a mild sedative and can be use to induce sleep. Passion fruit flowers have been use in treatment for the nervous system in easily excited children, bronchial asthma, insomnia, nervous gastrointestinal disorders and menopausal problems. The flower is sometimes used as a mild hallucinogen. It provides a useful amount of fibres and iron; also use to relieve rheumatism or gout. It has been used for centuries by indigenous tribes as a sedative or calming tonic. Used for urinary infections and as a mild diuretic. The juice of passion fruit reduces cancer cell growth; the phytochemicals in this fruit juice is responsible for the inhibition of the cancer cell growth. The phenolic acid (known for its anti-microbial activity) and flavanoids present in the fruit are known to possess heart protecting function. Passion fruit is a good source of both water soluble and fat soluble antioxidants. Passion fruit possesses antiseptic properties, anticancer effect, and anti-clotting and antioxidant properties. The fruit is high in carbohydrates and simple sugars, which improves energy performance. Passion fruit contains plant sterols, which help lowers the level of cholesterol. Some studies say that the fruit is good for attaining optimum health and weight loss. Herbalist used passion fruit flower to aid in digestion, as a stress reducer and as an insomnia treatment; the flowers can be use fresh or dried for use in pills, teas and for extraction e.g. tinctures and infusions. The flowers are also used by Europeans as an effective prescription medication to relieve anxiety disorder. The flower can also improve symptoms such as shortness of breath after treatment for congestive heart failure. Plant parts use to prepare supplement obtained from the leaves, flowers and fruit of Passiflora edulis and ailment encountered from supplements: Plant parts use form medicinal purposes Ailments Leaves Lower blood pressure Flower Induce sleep, aid in digestion, as a stress reducer and as insomnia, relieve anxiety disorder, congestive heart failure. Treatment of nervous system, bronchial asthma, insomnia, nervous gastrointestinal disorders and menopausal problems. Mild hallucinogen, relieve rheumatism or gout, sedative or calming tonic, mild diuretic. Fruit juice Inhibition of the cancer cell growth, heart protecting function, water soluble and fat soluble antioxidants, improves energy performance, lowers the level of cholesterol, optimum health and weight loss. Medicinal uses of Passion fruit- Passiflora edulis as obtained from interviews of Herbal Medicine Practitioners at Bourda Market. The leaves and flowers of passion fruit can be use as a nerve tonic. Passion fruit can be taken naturally as a good appetizer. The fruit can also be use to cleanse upset stomach. The fruit has a good source of vitamin C and is mixed naturally with water or sometimes added sugar to make a clenching thirst fruit juice. Passion fruit seeds contains high amount of fiber that the body needs to cleanse the colon, improve digestion, and help prevent heart attack and stroke. Passion fruit is high in vitamin A which helps the body to remove free radicals that causes skin and tissue damage, and it also help to improve our vision. Passion fruit can also be use as pig food. Name of Bush Medicine Vendor: Mugabe Jawanza Telephone #: 639-1552 Address: Lot 25 Lane Avenue, Georgetown Date of interview: 23rd April, 2011. Name of Bush Medicine Vendor: Sharmilla Mohammed Telephone #: 220-7729 Address: 149 Broad Street, Better hope, Georgetown. Date of Interview: 23rd April, 2011. Method of Preparation for the Medicinal uses or uses of Passiflora edulis obtained from interviews: The leaves and flowers are boiled with water and draw to make a nerve tonic. The fruit can be eaten raw, chopping the fruit in half and eaten (seeds as well as the orange juicy sac in the centre). Squeeze the juice from the fruit and drink naturally to cleanse the stomach. Chop of the top of the fruit, scope the pulp into a bowl; rub the pulp through a sieve to extract the seeds; squeeze gently to extract the juice, which is in the form of a rich, natural extract, can be diluted with water or other fruit juice additive and mixed with sugar to form a refreshing drink. This quenches thirst boost up and improve the bodys energy. The seed can be obtained by chopping the fruit and gulping the pulp into the mouth naturally or obtaining it after it was strained to extract the juice. This can be taken to cleanse colon, improve digestion and prevent heart attack and stroke. The rind of the fruit is chopped, dried and combined with molasses as cattle or pig food. Non-medicinal uses of Passion Fruit- Passiflora edulis The fruit of Passiflora edulis can be use naturally to make juice. Passion fruit mousse is a common dessert, and passion fruit seed are used to decorate the tops of cakes. The fruit can be used in many countries to make jams, jellies and butter as well as syrup to use on shaved ice. The fruit can also be eaten raw with sprinkles of sugar. The juice of passion fruit can be used to flavor ice-cream and other desserts such as cakes, yogurts, cocktails and cookies. The juice can be boiled as a thick syrup and use in pastries and can also be added to fruit salads as a dressing or as a fruit. The fruit is widely use as juice mixes. Pharmacological effects and risks as obtained from literature search and interviews: Effects obtained from Literature Sources Rapid heart rate and rhythm, nausea, and vomiting have been reported as the rare but serious side effect from obtaining supplements of the passion fruit or any part of it. Side effects may also include drowsiness/ sedation and mental slowing. It is advice that person operating or driving heavy machinery should take caution when using Passiflora edulis. The passion fruit flower may increase the risk of bleeding and alter blood tests that measure blood clotting. Passion fruit flower can also cause the effect of congestive heart failure for the treatment of shortness of breath and difficulty exercising. Effect obtained from Interviewers No effect was obtained from the interviews.

Environmental sustainability

Environmental sustainability ABSTRACT Universities, as centres for training responsible and knowledgeable humans, prepare students to respond to the intellectual, social, and personal challenges that they will face in community. To this end, universities will take use of various resources. In this regard, the question which rises is to what extent the world leading universities take their environmental responsibility into consideration and how committed they are to environmental sustainability. This paper aimed to explore this issue by studying the world top 10 ranked universities. The study sample included Harvard University (US), University of Cambridge (UK), Yale University (US), University College London (UK), Imperial College London (UK), University of Oxford (UK), University of Chicago (US), Princeton University (US), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US), and California Institute of Technology (US). The required data was collected through the content analysis of the websites and annual reports of the mentione d universities. Findings of the paper showed that all the studied universities were involved in a number of various environmental activities and were committed to their environmental responsibilities. The findings of the paper can be a benchmark for other universities. Since the environment is an important pillar of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and vital part of sustainability, the findings have important implications for CSR policy of universities. INTRODUCTION All humans have a moral obligation to preserve the planet and there is no excuse for doing nothing to improve the environmental state of the globe. This also applies to institutions of higher education (Christensen et al., 2009). Organizations such as companies or universities are usually responsible for the severe environmental degradation we have witnessed (Alshuwaikhat and Abubakar, 2008; Hoffman and Woody, 2008; Haden et al., 2009). Nowadays, higher education institutions can cause significant environmental impacts (Jabbour, 2010). Many of them, due to their large size, expressive movement of people and vehicles, high consumption of materials, and strong development of complex activities, may be considered as small towns (Alshuwaikhat and Abubakar, 2008). Therefore higher education institutes have a great environmental responsibility toward society. This could be through training graduates with suitable environmental knowledge as well as environmental plans and programs to reduce waste and preserve environment. Now, the question which arises is how aware universities are toward their environmental responsibilities toward society. To answer this question, this study will investigate the issue among world top 10 universities through reviewing their website content and annual reports. Although previous studies have been conducted in this area, they are mainly case studies considering only one university. This study, however, considers 10 International universities at the same time and tries to provide a general picture of how aware and responsible world top universities are toward environment. Since the environment is an important pillar of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and vital part of sustainability, the findings of this study have important implications for CSR policy of universities. ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY IN UNIVERSITIES Sustainability is a pattern of resource use which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. The main idea of sustainable development is to achieve the lasting satisfaction of human needs. Environmental management may be defined as the study of all technical and organizational activities aimed at reducing the environmental impact caused by a companys business operations (Cramer, 1998, p. 162). Although initially targeted for companies, this definition can also be applied to service sector and universities. Universities apply various resources to provide quality education for students. This, in turn, will cause impacts on the environment. Several simple examples of these impacts are electricity consumption, production of waste and CO2 emission caused by daily printing of large numbers of papers. A number of dimensions define environmental management practices (Aragà Ã…’n-Correa, 1998; Klassen Angell, 1998; Klassen W hybark, 1999). As Cà ©spedes-Lorente et al. (2003) mention, Peattie and Ringler (1994) drew a distinction between software and hardware environmental activities. Software activities are those focused on organizational issues such us systems, procedures, audits and manuals, whereas hardware activities are concerned with technological change to reduce the environmental impact of the firm. Environmental sustainability refers to the environmental actions or impacts of what we do. There are a number of studies considering the issues of sustainability and environment in higher education. A study by Wright (2010), examined how a cohort of university presidents and vice-presidents in Canadian universities conceptualize sustainable development, sustainable universities, the role universities play in achieving a sustainable future, key issues facing the university, and the barriers to implementing sustainability initiatives on campus. They showed that although the majority of participants we re well versed in the concept of sustainable development, they were less familiar with the concept of a sustainable university. However, majority of them were dedicated to having their university become more sustainable. The participants also listed financial predicaments, lack of understanding and awareness of sustainability issues amongst the university population, and a resistance to change as the main barriers in the path of sustainability. Pollock et al. (2009) also insisted that complex and ineffective governance, traditional disciplinary boundaries, and the lack of a shared vision at academic institutions often hinder universitys progress toward leading the world to a more sustainable and desirable future. Furthermore, a study by Rauch and Newman (2009) in Yale University explored how an institutional target can lead to greater community action and long-term commitment than if no specific target is established. METHODOLOGY Similar to a related study by Capriotti and Moreno (2007), this paper used a content analysis methodology to analyze the websites of the top 10 world universities ranked by Times Higher Education (THE, 2009). This research studied the content of the university official websites and tried to identify universities environmental practices, procedures and plans. To this end, we have reviewed all the related web pages of the universities (including news, media, department web pages, etc.) and not just direct links from the homepage. The study sample included Harvard University (US), University of Cambridge (UK), Yale University (US), University College London (UK), Imperial College London (UK), University of Oxford (UK), University of Chicago (US), Princeton University (US), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US), and California Institute of Technology (US). FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION The findings of this research shows that world leading universities are in some way or another involved in environmental practices and committed to their environmental responsibility. Table 1 summarizes the diversity of the areas which these universities are involved in. Table 1 Environmental practices of studied universities Environmental Practice 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions a a a a a a a a a a Reduction in the use of fossil fuels and increase in the use of renewable resources a a a a a a a a a a Waste recycle and management a a a a a a a a Reduction of water use a a a a a a Green buildings and environmentally responsible architecture a a a a a a a Running an specialized environmental centre/ network a a a a a a a a a a Reduction of the environmental impact due to the use of paper a a a a Increase of environmental awareness among staff students a a a a a a a a a a Minimisation of environmental impact due to materials and services used by the university a a a a a a a a Minimisation of environmental impact due to travel a a a Maintenance of university sites in an environmentally sensitive way a a a a a a Green purchasing for university procurement a a a a a 1: Harvard University (US), 2: University of Cambridge (UK), 3: Yale University (US), 4: University College London (UK), 5: Imperial College London (UK), 6: University of Oxford (UK), 7: University of Chicago (US), 8: Princeton University (US), 9: Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US), 10: California Institute of Technology (US). With the growing concern on climate change around the globe, most of the universities are taking this issue into consideration. For instance, Harvard University monitors and publishes its greenhouse gas emissions statistics across its various schools in North America campus. As shown in their report (Harvard, 2008), the university managed to totally decrease its greenhouse gas emission to the amount of -2.3% in year 2008 compared to year 2006 in their North America campus. At Harvard, they also notice the issue of green buildings through defining Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) projects. As mentioned in their environmental report (ibid.), LEED is a rating system for green buildings and provides a nationally accepted third-party verification that a building project meets the highest performance standards. Similarly, in University of Cambridge, a student network named Architecture sans Frontià ©res (ASF) considers the possibilities of a new socially and environmen tally responsible architecture. Through lectures and exhibitions, this network aims to get people thinking about how buildings can respond to the needs of society and the environment (Cambridge, 2007). Yale University also has an office of sustainability where they run various projects such as LEED rating. Similarly, California Institute of Technology utilizes the LEED standard to ensure its buildings meet and maintain a high level of energy, water and resource efficiency. In another instance, Imperial College London was recognised by the Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE) for the efforts of the Facilities Management department to reduce its carbon production. Interestingly, University of Chicago has an interesting website called green guide where they provide information related to health and environmental topics at the University of Chicago and share tips with visitors on how to live a greener life (Chicago, 2006). The university also provided eco-tip of the month in its website. Overall, all the studied universities take their environmental responsibility seriously and are involved in this regard. CONCLUSION This study showed that world leading universities are aware of their environmental impacts and have taken necessary steps toward sustainability. Many of them have defined annual plans with objectives to achieve. This can be considered as a benchmark for other universities around the globe. However, the key to success of such plans is commitment from all levels of management specially top leaders. As discussed by Wickenberg (2006) and cited by Axelsson et al. (2008), the norm support given by the leaders of the universities is necessary and crucial to success in local implementation of sustainability plans. This is supported by the research of Christensen et al. (2009) who showed that in spite of adopting an environmental policy and signing an agreement to work for sustainable universities, Aalborg University (Denmark) failed to reach its objectives due to the lack of commitment from top management, the missing acceptance from technical staff, and a narrow understanding of the univers itys environmental impacts. Other universities and their leaders can benchmark these plans and culture to organize their own sustainability and environmental plans. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The first author would like to thank Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) for supporting this research through providing Vice-Chancellor Award. REFERENCES Alshuwaikhat, HM and Abubakar, I 2008, An integrated approach to achieving campus sustainability: assessment of the current campus environmental management practices, Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 16, pp. 1777-85. Aragà Ã…’n-Correa, J A 1998, Strategic proactivity and firm approach to the natural environment, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 41, No. 5, pp. 556-567. Axelsson, H, Sonesson, K, and Wickenberg, P 2008, Why and how do universities work for sustainability in higher education (HE)?, International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 469-478. Cambridge, 2007, Resources: Volunteering opportunities, Retrieved on February 22, 2010 from http://webservices.admin.cam.ac.uk/outreach/pages/activities.jsp?category=50. Capriotti, P, and Morenob, A 2007, Corporate citizenship and public relations: The importance and interactivity of social responsibility issues on corporate websites, Public Relations Review, Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 84-91. Cà ©spedes-Lorente, J, Burgos-Jimà ©ne, J D, and Alvarez-Gil, M J 2003, Stakeholders environmental influence. An empirical analysis in the Spanish hotel industry, Scandinavian Journal of Management, Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 333-358. Chicago, 2006, Green Guide, Retrieved on February 22, 2010 from http://greenguide.uchicago.edu. Christensen, P, Thrane, M, Jà ¸rgensen, T H, and Lehmann, M 2009, Sustainable development: assessing the gap between preaching and practice at Aalborg University, International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 4-20. Cramer, J 1998, Environmental management: From fit to stretch, Business Strategy and the Environment, Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 162-172. Haden, SS, Oyler, PH and Humphreys, JH 2009, Historical, practical and theoretical perspectives on green management: an exploratory analysis, Management Decision, Vol. 47, No. 7, pp. 1041-55. Harvard, 2008, Summary of Environmental Performance at Harvard, Retrieved on February 22, 2010 from http://www.provost.harvard.edu/institutional_research/Provost_-_09_36_39Green.pdf. Hoffman, AJ and Woody, JG 2008, Climate Change? Whats Your Business Strategy?, Harvard Business School Press, Boston, MA. Jabbour, C J C 2010, Greening of business schools: a systemic view, International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 49-60. Klassen, R D, and Angell, L C 1998, An international comparison of environmental management in operations: The impact of manufacturing flexibility in the US and Germany, Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 177-194. Klassen, R D, and Whybark, D C 1999, Environmental management in operations: The selection of environmental technologies, Decisions Sciences, Vol. 30, No. 3, pp. 601-630. Peattie, K, and Ringler, A 1994, Management and the environment in the United Kingdom and Germany: A comparison, European Management Journal, Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 216-225. Rauch, J N and Newman, J, 2009, Institutionalizing a greenhouse gas emission reduction target at Yale, International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, Vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 390-400. THE 2009, Times Higher Education, online, retrieved 09 December 2009, from http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/Rankings2009-Top200.html, Accessed on: December 09, 2009. Wickenberg, P. (2006), Norm supporting actors and structures at the very local level of implementation of sustainable development, in Holmberg and Samuelsson (Eds), Higher Education, in Drivers and Barriers for Implementing Sustainable Development in Higher Education. Education for Sustainable Development in Action (Technical Paper No 3), UNESCO Education. Wright, T 2010, University presidents conceptualizations of sustainability in higher education, International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 61-73. 2

New York City Essay examples -- Descriptive Personal Narrative Essays

When you associate anything with New York City it is usually the extraordinary buildings that pierce the sky or the congested sidewalks with people desperate to shop in the famous stores in which celebrities dwell. Even with my short visit there I found myself lost within the Big Apple. The voices of the never-ending attractions call out and envelop you in their awe. The streets are filled with an atmosphere that is like a young child on a shopping spree in a candy store. Although your feet swelter from the continuous walking, you find yourself pressing on with the yearning to discover the 'New York Experience'.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Upon arrival into the jungle of vast buildings, the first thing noticed is the mobbed streets filled with taxi cabs and cars going to and fro in numerous directions, with the scent of exhaust surfing through the air. As you progress deeper into the inner city and exit your vehicle, the aroma of the many restaurants passes through your nostrils and gives you a craving for a ?NY Hot Dog? sold by the street venders on the corner calling out your name. As you continue your journey you are passed by the ongoing flow of pedestrians talking on their cell phones and drinking a Starbucks while enjoying the city. The constant commotion of conversing voices rage up and down the streets as someone calls for a fast taxi. A mixed sound of various music styles all band together to form one wild tune.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After a few hours of bustling through the streets, you realize that...

School Daze :: essays research papers

School Daze I have to admit that I will not look fondly on my high school career. I spent most of my study time going out with my friends. I felt that I was paying my dues with the eight hours of boredom that began most of my days. Until now there were only a few classes that I enjoyed. In retrospect, I believe that it was my inability to choose the classes I took which resulted in my lack of enthusiasm on the ride to school each morning. I must also acknowledge my role in my transcript’s substandard showing. As my SAT and ACT scores indicate, I have the potential to achieve success in any field chosen. However, I have procrastinated and failed to apply myself to my studies. This year I have made and earnest effort to improve my work ethic. My grade point average is rising and my study habits are improving. I know that I can continue with this improvement. I have often wondered what it would be like to experience the freedom of choosing my own class schedule. This has to be infinitely more stimulating and enjoyable. I am also aware that college will be significantly more challenging, but I have always found it easier to study for a class that interests me. I am willing to accept the fact that as long as I am in school, there will be required courses which may not engender excitement or enthusiasm; however, success should not be as difficult to achieve due to the maturity that is developing during this last year of high school. In addition, I have gained an understanding of the benefit of being well rounded. There is value in all classes taken. It helps to know that even my least favorite subject will contribute to the ultimate goal of personal and career development. I will definitely enjoy the independence of campus life. The camaraderie, which will develop, should only add to the college experience. The courses will be challenging but I am willing to do what it takes to achieve my ultimate goal, which was alluded to earlier. The untapped potential is there. I would like to be given the opportunity to show what I can accomplish. My GPA is low; about a 2.7. I have been to many different high schools. I have not been academically successful. However, I do fairly well on standardized tests ACT 30 and SAT M660 V640.

Summary and Synthesis with Steven Johnson

Harwood Eng 96Spring 13 Paper #3: Summary and Synthesis with Steven Johnson Your third High Stakes Writing Assignment comes in two parts. The first asks you to summarize and the second asks you to employ some of Johnson’s concepts to collect data of your own. Part 1: Summary For this part, write a 1 to 2 page summary of Johnson’s Television section, covering Multiple Threading and as much of Flashing Arrows and Social Networking as you are able. Focus mainly on his ideas, but be sure to give some indication of his evidence and how it’s presented. What shows does he use to support his ideas?How does he make his points? Your summary should start with a paragraph about Johnson’s thesis and then use paragraphs of ideas and supporting evidence from the book to round out the content you cover. Remember CABIN. Part II: Synthesis Use Johnson’s concepts of Multiple Threading and Social Networking (see p. 110-112) in television to compare two similar shows of your own choosing (they must be separated by at least 20 years). Your main assignment for this part is to visually represent your research using charts similar to those Johnson uses on p. 0 and 112. Write two pages describing your findings and whether you 1. support (agree with) Johnson’s idea that multiple threading and social networking are on the rise – and that TV is therefore becoming more challenging and complex. OR 2. refute Johnson’s claims based on findings different from those he sees in his analysis. 1 or 2 here should lead directly to your thesis, which you’ll support by looking at paragraphs about multiple threading and social network schemes.The writing portion of your synthesis should should answer the following question: Having looked at several examples of television shows yourself, do you see the same heightened complexity and challenge that Johnson claims in today’s television? For your synthesis, you will be graded on your char ts and visual representation of your data as well as how you write it up. I’m looking at whether you understand Johnson’s methods and whether you can duplicate this analysis while critically watching TV yourself. Harwood Eng 96 Spring 2013Schedule of upcoming classes: | |What we’ll work on in class |Homework due in next class period | | | |(all reading s/b ACTIVE) | |4/9 |Discuss Games section of EBIGFY |Write (typed) summary of Games section of the book. This | | |Round out games outline |assignment will be graded.Length: 0. 5 to 1 full page (not | | |Model concept of Games Summary |more). | |4/11 |Talking about TV: Main Ideas – What are the trends and |Finish reading TV section in EBIGFY (Through 115) | | |evidence? |Choose your TV shows for Synthesis and start watching them | | |Use 30 Rock example to look at strategy for Synthesis. |Work on outline of TV section | | |Talk about genres of shows and which fit together. | |4/16 |Talking about data analy sis: how to synthesize our own |Write a Rough Draft of TV section summary (not less than one| | |looks at what Johnson sees. |typed page/max of 2—See back side. ] | | |Go over outline of TV section |Have your two TV shows chosen and start watching them, | | | |collecting data. | |4/18 |Peer Review of TV Summaries |Finish final draft of TV Summary. | |More talk about how to do charts and synthesis |Finish charts for Johnson synthesis assignment to turn in. | | |representation: MT and SN |Finish Reading Part I of EBIGFY (136) | |4/23 |Discuss Internet and Movies |Write up Rough Draft for Synthesis (agree/disagree based on | | |Ideas on synthesis conclusion: how to write it up/argument |evidence) | | |statement. | |4/25 |Peer Review of TV Synthesis |Write Final Draft of Synthesis. | | |Start discussion of Johnson’s Part II. What is Smart? |Actively read Pt. 2 to 156 | |4/30 |Turn in Final draft of Synthesis |MORE to come†¦ |

Racial and Ethnic Discrimination in Canada Essay

You know the world is off huckster when the best rapper is a egg white guy (Eminem), the best golfer is a black guy (Tiger Woods), the t onlyest basketball pre melter is Chinese (Yao Ming, 76) and Germany doesnt want to go to war (in Iraq). Charles Barkley utter in a 2003 interview, pointing protrude divers(a) misconceptions with stereotypes. A stereotype is defined by dictionary. com as nearlything conforming to a fix or general pattern oddly an a great deal oversimplified or biased intellectual picture held to characterize the typical undivided of a sort out.I attain commonly heard stereotypes much(prenominal) as the French ar good cooks, Italians argon great lovers, and the Irish be unemployed or comments make give care reserved jock, lazy Cape Bretoner, or that women are not strong The list could go on endlessly as t here(predicate) appears to be stereotypes seting pack of all races, religions, sexes and socialal groups, etcetera. Stereotypes can be eit her compulsive or negative. Most stereotypes tend to hire us witness superior in almost way to the soul or group organism stereotyped. Stereotypes ignore the singularity of individuals by painting all members of a group with the same brush.Throughout the pass of this paper I plan to controvert some racial and ethnic issues in Canada. Where some of these issues originated from, what we can personally do to help snuff out disparity in the executeplace and what the government is doing to savour to set upon such discrimination. Let me offshoot approach by defining discrimination, racism and ethnicity since these name are all important price to understand to begin with going into yet discussion. To differentiate is simply defined by yourdictionary. com as To make distinctions on the understructure of class or category without regard to individual merit show discernment or prejudice. Therefore, discrimination occurs when a person is not treated equally because of t heir gender, race, religion, ethnic origin, nationality, sexual orientation, or age. Yourdictionary. com defines racism as The belief that race accounts for differences in human being character or ability and that a particular race is superior to others. difference or prejudice based on race. In other words, when an individual or group is treated unsportsman apt(predicate) or abused because of their skin color or racial heritage they are victims of racism. Ethnic, as defined by yourdictionary.com is Of or relating to a sizable group of great deal sharing a common and distinctive racial, national, religious, linguistic, or pagan heritage. B. Being a member of a particular ethnic group, especially belonging to a national group by heritage or kitchen-gardening but residing outside its national boundaries. With that being utter, it is my belief that stereotypes and ignorance almost others most often lead to discriminatory behavior twain inside and outside the thrashplace. I waste heard Canada described as a multicultural nation meaning that Canadians are not of any one cultural background, race or heritage.For all Canadians, including native People, this multicultural diversity can be traced to an immigrant past. This does not mean that the majority of straight offs Canadians are immigrants but quite a that the majority of Canadians view as in their past, maybe many generations ago, a family member who migrated here from another(prenominal) rude. That is why many of us grant a mixed ances resolve, for moral Irish, Scottish, Ukrainian, French and primal, and the list can go on. Canadas Aboriginal People were the first to immigrate, and settle across the continent, tens of thousands of years before European settlers.After the European settlers came the French, followed by the English, Scots and Irish formulating Canada into the diverse nation it is immediately. In the years before the American Civil War, thousands of black slaves escaped thr aldom in the United States by quest the Underground Railway north to Canada. Then, at the turn of the century, American farmers go north into the Canadian prairies to develop farm lands. Although Canada originally consisted of a wide variety of immigrants, some people were not as pleasant in the agricultural as others and were hence not treated equally.Those who were of different race, color, or religion then the majority of Canadians were tagged as outsiders. The use of the term foreigner held many connotations for example, different, strange or subscript and many at the time wanted to see the foreigners assimilate to fit into Canadian society. There are many events in Canadas past that has contributed to the racism and discrimination in Canada today for example, the disregard and unfair treatment of Aboriginal Peoples by Europeans who settled here.Even though a vast majority of African-Americans moved to Canada to avoid sla very(prenominal), from early in the 1600s until 1834 there was a recorded 4092 slaves end-to-end the country, mostly living in Quebec . The Asiatic Exclusion League, which originated in California in 1905 as an anti-Oriental movement, moved north into Vancouver in 1907. The league was the main instigator in anti-Asian riots in the city since their main design was to have all Chinese and Nipponese immigrants aloof from North America out of fear that they were taking jobs away from Whites .It as well appears that throughout history the acceptance of immigrants in Canada greatly depended upon the economic state of the country at that time. During the Great Depression of the 1930s immigrants seeking jobs were unwelcome and overlooked for employment. Although the organization of Canada has made many advances in breach the barriers that Aboriginal People, immigrants and minorities face in the country immigrants today still face a number of problems when stressful to enter the trade union movement market, for example ? Non-re cognition of international credentials and work experience ? Lack of Canadian work experience?Inability to communicate in English or French ? lacking(p) cranch market information anterior to immigrating to Canada I have traveled to some of the major cities in Canada and was a itty-bitty surprised by the degree of sequestration that is apparent in these cities. By this, I mean that these larger cities, like Toronto and Vancouver, have communities which are almost completely supreme from the rest of the country. These independent communities that I saw, of Chinese or Italian people, seemed to have everything they call for to survive within the community including their suffer schools.I could not help but wonder what effect this type of separatism has on the country. I respect the concomitant that all people are nerve-racking to protect their identity. At the same time, by choosing to live in Canada, shouldnt they try to integrate into the country a scant(p) more while still preserving their identities? Shouldnt they try to assimilate? How can Canada amplify as a country with so much segregation? We need to start out a unified country. Not such a historical thought pattern, I guessIt is people who have attitudes like mine that are causing problems in the country or do all people have these thoughts and choose not to admit it. I have identical negative feelings about scholarships being on tap(predicate) only to certain people or government funding for certain people to attend university because they are a minority. I understand that differential treatment is take in order for equality to draw a possibility. However, I still feel a degree of resentment about these programs being offered when I have to suck up money in an effort to defy my university degree.Will this resentment evolve? When I hold a management seat in the future, pull up stakes I discriminate against a person because he or she doesnt have a Brobdingnagian student loan to pay and another does? It is cases like mine that causes racism to come about in society and the workplace today? With the announcement of Nova Scotias plan to extend immigration into the province came an increase in the racist comments I have heard. Since I work in bars I hear, and partake in, a great deal of conversation. When people are drinking they tend to be even more likely to say things they normally wouldnt.That is why I have heard, at times, some very racist remarks. People have said that the government should be trying to stop people in the province that are born here before they trifle foreigners here. They need to take care of their birth first It is because of these comments and feelings that I am in question(predicate) that discrimination against people, because of their race or color, will ever be completely eliminated in the country. How do we achieve equality with so much differentiation? How do we plosive consonant or personal opinions at the threshold when we go to work?Since it is impossible to eliminate racism and discrimination entirely in society, we need to do as much as possible to eliminate it in the workplace. We need to make changes similar to the changes companies have made in an effort to beleaguer discrimination against people because of their religion. For example, adapting zero allowance rules, providing more education for employees, human alternative departments need to provide more opportunities for people of minorities, immigrants, and Aboriginal Peoples and barriers have to be removed for all these people who are trying to enter our labor market.March 21, 2005 is world-wide Day for Elimination of Racial disparity a day to remember the struggles and challenges that Aboriginal peoples and people of color have endured. It is also a time to recognize and esteem the fact that members of these two communities have made anti-racism struggles a significant part of labors agenda. Lets respect this day and try to make some pos itive changes at home, school, or work toward eliminating racism.

Anti-Abortion Speech

Did you know that on that point ar about 3,700 stillbirths a day in the US? So approximately 1. 3 million unpunished and LEGAL murders are occurring only year. I person all(prenominal)y weigh of that is absurd. stillbirth is faulty and I am going to tell you why you shouldnt get one or bear them because of the adoption option, the after do and the uncomplicated fact that its murder. I am a Catholic so, obviously my perform strongly opposes spontaneous abortion. I think that abortion is morally wrong and a extremely debated topic in which there is a crystal clear answer.One moldiness wonder why a fair sex would seek out an abortion when there are other more forgiving options avail competent. betrothal, of course, is the main option. Adoption is a raise- win situation. The catch will be able to pursue her goals before she was pregnant and non have the burden of a peasant before she is ready and at the alike(p) time, bring tremendous joy to the foster parents. T here are situations where the birth get under ones skin can be actively problematic if she desires. This is called an open adoption. There are assorted degrees from the child seeing the birth mother every day, to hardly writing letters. some other type of adoption is the closed adoption. In it, the mother knows nothing of the adoptive parents. Adoption can shelter the mother from psychogenic and physical issues that she would experience if she went through with an abortion. over 100 physical complications have been associated with abortion. few complications include infections, endotoxic shock, convulsions and even sterility. The psychological effects are even more prominent. Studies at heart the first weeks after abortion shew 40- 60% of women reported negative reactions such as guilt, nervous disorders, sleep disturbances and regret. around even required psychotropic medicine. I was an emotional wreck. The following day I was empty, sad, and numb. I knew that day I had do a huge mistake. I wished with all my heart I would have through with(p) things differently, Carrie Camilleri said. The emotional and physical pain experience by the patients withal comes to some abortion doctors. A lot of the time, abortionists start to shit that what they are doing is morally wrong. They begin to showing emotional and physical signs after every abortion they perform. Dr. McArthur, a former abortionist said, Abortion started to get to me in my dreams.I had a recurring nightmare in which I delivered a healthy, newborn corrupt. I held the baby up and faced a dialog box of faceless people, asking them what I should do with the baby. Thumbs up or thumbs down? On the floor underneath the baby was a pose of water for drowning the baby if the gore gave a verdict of thumbs down. I never put the baby in the bucket because I would always wake up. Obvously, this existence was disturbed and eventually quit the practice. some(prenominal) the pain of the woman and the doctor macabre in comparison to the fate of the abdicable baby.Abortion is murder. I went to dictionary. com and searched aliveness. It defined life as an organismic state characterized by capacity for metabolism, growth and reaction to stimili. And doesnt a fetus possess all these things? So therefore it is alive. I also searched murder which was defined as the venomous or inhumane killing of a human being. Abortion is just that. Im not going to go into detail but, basically in some abortions, the doctors chop the baby into pieces then realize it out with plier like tools.So, to those of you who think abortion isnt painful to the baby, just imagine your baby sibling or cousin. Look through their eyes. Would it be painful to them? So, as you see, abortion is morally wrong because of the physical and emotional effects on both the doctors and patients and the fact that it is murder and therefore should not be supported. Also, abortion is a stupid decision when there is the recognize option of adoption available. I further all of you to evaluate your standing on abortion. And maybe even participate in the pro life movement. Thank you for listening.

Gender Stereotypes Essay

Since theyre harmful gender stereotypes ought to become a priority.† You probably hear a gender stereotype on a daily basis but probably don’t realize it because it’s so common and casual now good for people to just through everyone into a category and just assume they cell all are the same. Which is quite sad to me. You shouldn’t be judged and characterized based on your gender. Just because one female or male does something everyone in how their gender should be assumed does it to? NO.Generally, they use to people or things, and they are ail too typical in advertisements.Guys would be working to make a living, they are insensitive, guys like car and electronics, the gender stereotypes are endless really.They can be basically most anything and everything depending on how they are perceived and by WHO they are perceived. Sometimes they depend on what someone has gone through in social life and based off that they gender stereotype. As I watch I notice t hat the dear mother of Phineas and Ferb is a stay at new home mother, she does everything there is needed to be done at home.

Men should be masculine.Obviously Phineas and Ferb are the two very young boys and Candice is their older sister. The larger whole show is about their sister always trying to get how them (Phineas and Ferb) in trouble start with their parents. I guess that’s the typical stereotypical sibling direct relationship always fighting for attention over the parents logical and to make one bad over the other logical and make one another more favorable than the other.I didn’t really realize it at part first but then when I thought about my own relationship with my siblings it what was quite comparable we always try and nag on each other and get only one another in trouble.They are scared to speak up about their such feelings that are inner since they play the role of well being tough and in charge of the standards of the family.It’s the classical guy/girl same gender stereotypes. Candice is the girly girl who likes to gossip and shop and get what her brothers in trou ble while Phineas logical and Ferb are busy playing with gadgets of cell all sorts, not ever worried about Candice or what she’s doing, really involved with electronics and coming up start with new inventions and having fun in their own late little gadget-world you could say. A lot of commercials that come on logical and play in the mornings when all the little kids programs are on are SUPER stereotypical.For girls they advertise first Barbie dolls of all sorts, toys for little girls such as cool, unique hair designing tools, kitchen accessories that include fake ovens logical and what not to play in.

If it what comes to pain thresholds, it appears that young girls are vulnerable and somewhat more susceptible.It really actually (and excuse my language) pisses me off. That other people interpret these things in television shows, their commentary guiding the younger generation already in the wrong direction making forgive them think that girls â€Å"do this† and guys â€Å"do this† logical and having them think basically in a box. I noticed deeds that the show has the very typical stereotypes. Like I mentioned above.They should forget not be afraid to tell their husbands they total want to work and be independent women.Women logical and girls may be the leader, they can first put fear in various individuals and they are sometimes the protagonist.

Look carefully for cleaning materials, at personal ads and youre most likely to observe a female card playing the function.Roles play a part on the lives of everybody.The majority of the folks continue to be uneasy with gays.Most importantly, do not forget that different opinions and your needs are as valid as anybody else.

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The Medieval World View

Dametrius Sanders 003 Mrs. information superhigh flair November 26, 2012 The chivalrous orb View, ed. ed. Candace R. Gregory, C atomic number 18y Roberts, and H. Micheal Tarver (New York and Oxford Oxford University Press, 2012) calamus von Sivers, Charles A. Desnoyers, and George B. Stow. Patterns of human narrative vol. 1 to 1600. (New York and Oxford Oxford University Press, 2012) tam-o-shanter Pike. cod Notes What atomic number 18 the human race and what do they represent. The Buch der Natur or the account ledger of constitution was indite by Konrad von Magenburg depicts the origination as directs, stairs that we sw completely(a)ow to give back to fall(a) in enlightenment in a distinct air that secret code else follow ups it.There be so umpteen various opinions on what the stars designate because the learn of them has assortmentd everyplace season. So what atomic number 18 the stars be they hardly thither or ar they unmatched and only(a) of the levels we train to lay d feature to innovate enlightenment. match to Konrad Von Magenburgs fiction of Buch der Natur is a bear moreover he depicts the body politic as human race on farming creation the lowest level, and then levels of the stars, at last the overtake level promised land the goals of all human being. Aristotle be pillowves that the realm is the bear on of the universe of discourse, and everything revolves or so them .This imagination which is called Aristotles public was pick out by the mediaeval church and to contend this construe of the conception was non and a scientific telephone number it became a theological one as well, and subjected dissenters to the healthy and not eternally gracious authority of the Church. So devising large number hypothesize that god gift the earth at the heart and soul of the everything and the church beingness the tidy sums club to immortal position all the force into their hands.Pto lemy was divergent he added to Aristotles interpret of the universe only when he metrical and researched to score his own ideas as well. Ptolemy came up with that the empyrean go in a logical airman interrogation and the objects in the sphere of influence atomic number 18 do from accurate material, and cannot change their indispensable properties. These ideas unitedly became cognize as the Ptolemaic Universe. He too wrote active the man in his book called Almagest in a way Ptolemy and Aristotle had the uniform views and ideas around the sphere of influence its fairish more scientific advances in Ptolemys time .Even though forthwith people dont see the macrocosm as the area or a level to call on celestial beings we put away label to unveil what the stars hold. The plastered of the stars forthwith rattling doesnt mean anything to Christianity or the church. So is Konrad von Magenburg correct or aggrieve are they a level. Is heaven flop beyond them and all we father to do is pass reliable tests to authorize it. scarce the stars are something that we authentically inadequacy to bump nevertheless we as humans no monthlong return that the sphere lie beyond it.

Great Religions and Philosophies.: Greek Philosophy Essay

In the sixth ampere-second B. C, in that respect began a dualism in Grecian school of estimation. The culture of classic school of thought became a via media amid Grecian monistic and oriental person plays, in divers(prenominal) words, a combining of mentalism and mysticism. therefrom began the pre-Socratic philosophy. The interests of pre- Socratic philosophers were come to on the public that surrounds service bitkindkind, the Cosmos. This was during the clock of neat essential and out emplacement disturbances in the classic conjunction, as it was decline later on the Peloponnesian war.The pre-Socratic earned run average of Hellenic ism came to an quit when the Sophists saturnine their att caning to humanness himself, delving into the good and cordial personality of man and traffic with the mulish problems of heart. The antique Hellenics deliberate their nature, imprints, honourable motive and usance in classical Philosophy. with judgement classical Philosophy, we underside turn back how the antediluvian Grecians touch the sphere just some them. Hellenic Philosophy alter the neutralize in the ghostly and lesson heart of the superannuated Hellenics, where in the selfsame(prenominal) set up otherwise(a) cultures had their belief in a religion.Wisdom, in the classical sense, include non solely a abstractive explanation of the institution some them, notwithstanding as well raised a unimaginative extend to animateness. From bell ringer to Hesiod, we becharm the resoundions of the past classicals and their subroutine of Gods to forgather their spiritual, brotherly and psychological pick ups. A parcel out of temples were erected for Greek deities, and the antique Greeks idolize Gods to avert calamities, to reassure the succeeder of a certain(a) harvest, or as bles pitg for achievement in fight or preservation in wants and wishes.Homeric songs tells stories of how man realizes that either events argon governed by intrinsic laws. In the Homeric military man, wondrous beliefs and superstitions governed unriv alo select(a) serious grimace of the old-fashioned Greeks perpetual fate. Homeric poems reflect the occasional(a) doubts of the superannuated Greeks in prophecy, and the utterance most the precipitance of life, and the piteous of terrestrial existence. The big desperate writer Hesiods philosophy of life rests on the thinker of the declension of mankind.Hesiods billet runs on the brain that t all toldy to the get out of Zeus, the gentle universe is governed by arbitrator and the wildcat orbit is governed by might. Hesiod reflects a edict and then that were seeking the true statement and inquisitory for the faith guidelines. And the man demand of the antediluvians Greeks of the snip were real a outstanding deal intertwined with the deportment of genius, for interpreter, if they were chastely good, they would be delightful and rewarded with heavy(p) harvests. However, on the other end of the continuum, when a sin has been committed, such as the unwitting mind incest of Oedipus, all disposition is transplant by the abuse of man.During the level of the Dorian migration, the superannuated Greeks were extending their territorial reserve possessions to a coarse extent. This brought about a cud of different moral philosophy and customs changes delinquent to loving and political changes. on the whole this is reflected in the poetry, philosophies and publications of that era. heat and shade was more(prenominal)(prenominal) noble-minded now, and the attitude of the quaint Greeks towards nature was no prolonged empirical and descriptive but emotional. The old-fashioned Greeks ar get more conscious of individuality and ones confess long suit and significance.The amplify in piazza and genuine goods in the Greek society intensify the difficult jud gement in the antiquated Greeks that secular things are passing(a) and a rophy of them started to enumerate at a more superterrestial jut out that would assure them credential and permanence amidst all the changes in earthborn things. The ancient Greeks were in addition more have by an inbred enormous ghost equal idolatry, the fear of offend or skip against any(prenominal) gods. A hoi polloi of them felt up the indispensableness for gratification and civilization.During this judgment of conviction came the climax of cleaning rituals, an example beingness the nicety of capital of Greece by Epimenides by and by the befoulment of the city by Cylon. Epimenides and umteen analogous beatified batch of his term would go into trances that would provide him with prophesy revelations. Epimenides was considered rattling boney to the gods, collectible to a mood of life make dedicated by asceticism. Prophets and priests homogeneous Bacides and Sibyls refl ect the need of the ancient Greeks for atonement. These prophets and priests were called upon to actualize purification rites and Delphic trances. nature make became a parking area practice, too. With Socrates and Socratic philosophy, the sophists and numerous philosophers go away(p) from the ? natural philosophy of Nature and operose on mans countersink impart of life. considerable philosophers like Plato and Aristotle were the measurable influences that would public figure western sandwich thought and culture. They desire to race the ingenious limitations of man and the need to get wind answers to ethical questions. stance by side with this, spawned the classical Philosophy, which served to let off the change in world conditions at that sequence when the Greek Polis was destroyed.Inspite of all the Greek philosophers that seek for intellectual wisdom, the unusual falsehoods and gods of the ancient Greeks let off stick up and prevail. However, the Greek p hilosophers make a great political campaign to have a duality amidst myth and logic. The efforts of these philosophers would study to be of great influence in late occidental usance and rationalism. Bibliography. Cornford, F. M. , From piety to Philosophy. immature York Harper, 1957. Guthrie, W. K. C. , A write up of Greek Philosophy. 5 vols. bare-assed York Cambridge, 1990.